Question

What does seeding mean in a tournament draw?

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Seeding is the practice of placing the strongest competitors at predetermined positions in a draw so that they cannot meet each other in the early rounds.

In an unseeded random draw, the two best players in a 128-player tournament could be paired in round one, and one of them would be eliminated immediately. Seeding prevents that. The top seed and second seed are placed at opposite ends of the bracket, so they can only meet in the final. Seeds three and four are placed so they cannot meet a top-two seed before the semi-finals, and so on.

How seeds are determined varies. Most tennis tournaments seed strictly by world ranking, though Wimbledon has historically adjusted for grass-court form. Football competitions often seed by a coefficient based on recent results, and may add constraints — teams from the same country kept apart in a group stage, for instance.

The term comes from gardening, in the sense of distributing seeds evenly across a plot rather than clustering them.

A bye is related: when the number of entrants is not a power of two, the strongest seeds may skip the first round rather than leaving random players unopposed.

Seeding is not a guarantee and is not intended as one. An upset is simply a lower seed beating a higher one, and the numbering makes upsets easy to describe — a 16th seed beating a first seed is more notable precisely because the seeding said it was unlikely.

Criticism centres on the fact that seeding protects established competitors and can entrench rankings, since easier early rounds make deep runs more likely.

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